Comparison between qualitative and real-time polymerase chain reaction to evaluate minimal residual disease in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Introduction: Minimal residual disease is an important independent prognostic factor that can identify poor responders among patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze minimal residual disease using immunoglobulin (Ig) and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangements by conventional polymerase chain reaction followed by homo-heteroduplex analysis and to compare this with real-time polymerase chain reaction at the end of the induction period in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Methods: Seventy-four patients diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia were enrolled. Minimal residual disease was evaluated by qualitative polymerase chain reaction in 57 and by both tests in 44. The Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox methods and the log-rank test were used for statistical analysis. Results: Nine patients (15.8%) were positive for minimal residual disease by qualitative polymerase chain reaction and 11 (25%) by real-time polymerase chain reaction considering a cut-off point of 1 × 10−3 for precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 1 × 10−2 for T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Using the qualitative method, the 3.5-year leukemia- free survival was significantly higher in children negative for minimal residual disease compared to those with positive results (84.1% ± 5.6% versus 41.7% ± 17.3%, respectively; p-value = 0.004). There was no significant association between leukemia-free survival and minimal residual disease by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Minimal residual disease by qualitative polymerase chain reaction was the only variable significantly correlated to leukemia-free survival. Conclusion: Given the difficulties in the implementation of minimal residual disease monitoring by real-time polymerase chain reaction in most treatment centers in Brazil, the qualitative polymerase chain reaction strategy may be a cost-effective alternative.

Estudo de doença residual minima em leucemia linfoide aguda da criança e do adolescente / Minimal residual disease study in acute lymphoblastic leukemia of child and adolesce

A leucemia linfóide aguda (LLA) é o câncer mais comum da infância. Os atuais protocolos de tratamento da LLA levam à cura em 70 por cento dos casos e parte do sucesso se deve à aplicação de diferentes tratamentos para os pacientes estratificados em diferentes grupos de risco, segundo fatores prognóstico pré-tratamento (contagem leucocitária e idade ao diagnóstico). Contudo, pacientes considerados em remissão podem apresentar conteúdo substancial de células neoplásicas, chamada doença residual mínima (DRM), cuja proliferação está associada com a recaída da doença e que podem estar em níveis indetectáveis pelas técnicas convencionais de análise morfológica. Vários trabalhos têm mostrado que é possível prever a evolução clínica dos pacientes com base na DRM, porém, no protocolo do Grupo Brasileiro de Tratamento da Leucemia Infantil (GBTLI), a DRM não é utilizada como critério de realocação dos pacientes nos grupos de risco. Desta forma, o presente estudo objetivou (1) obter dados prospectivos de DRM com o uso de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) para detecção de rearranjos de genes de imunoglobulina (Ig) e receptores de células T (TCR); (2) comparar resultados de DRM com fatores prognósticos ao diagnóstico e de resposta utilizados nos protocolos do GBTLI e (3) avaliar o valor preditivo da DRM em pacientes tratados pelo protocolo GBTLI-99. No total, foram estudadas 91 amostras de LLA pediátrica classificadas...

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer. The recent ALL treatment protocols can achieve the complete remission in 70 per cent of cases and this success is due to different treatments for patients stratified into different risk groups , according to pre-treatment prognostic factors (white count cells and diagnosis age). Therefore, patients considered in remission may have substantial contents of neoplasic cells, the minimal residual disease (MRD). The proliferation of such neoplasic cells is associated with disease relapse and they can be undeteced by conventional methods. It has been demonstrated that the clinical evolution of patients based on MRD can be forecasted. Therefore, in the Brazilian Group for Childhood Leukemia Treatment (GBTLI), MRD is not used as a reallocation criterion of patients in risk groups. The present study aimed to (1) obtain MRD data through the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of immunoglobulin (Ig) and T cell receptor genes rearrangements (TCR); (2) compare the results of MRD with prognostic factors at diagnosis and response factors used in the GBTLI protocols and (3) estimate the predictive value of MRD in patients treated...